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INTRO TO OSI Model      [ Open Systems Interconnection ] In the early 1980s , the development of networks was chaotic. Each vendor had its own proprietary solution(PC). The bad part was that one vendor’s solution(PC) was not compatible with another vendor’s solution (PC) ex. IBM and Microsoft both are developing they own standard so only Microsoft can communicate with Microsoft computer and IBM can communicate with IBM computer. This is where  I nternational Organization for Standardization (ISO) come in action and ISO  developed an Open model called OSI Model ( Open System Interconnection ) ,OSI comes with a Layering approach to the network or hardware vendors would design hardware for network, and others could develop software for the application for this hardware or network. Using an open model which everyone agrees so means we can build a network that is compatible with each other.        The OSI Model is a conceptual Model...

 What is OSINT ?             OSINT ( Open Source Intelligence ) and it is the one of the key aspects in the cyberSecurity. NOTE :  “ OS ” (from OSINT ) means OPEN SOURCE . In this case, it is not related to the               Open source movement             The term OSINT come from US military agencies the started using the term OSINT  in late               1980’s  as they re-evaluating the nature of information requirements in tactical levels under               battlefields.In 1992  the intelligence Reorganization Act determined that there is main goals               of intel gathering included key concepts like: Must be objective intelligence free. Data must be available on public  and may b...